美国斯坦福大学医学院微生物与免疫学系,干细胞生物与再生医学研究所,Baxter干细胞生物实验室的科学家在iPS的研究上取得新的成果,相关研究文章发表在Nature在线版上。
将疾病患者体细胞重排为病人特异性的诱导多能干细胞是再生医学的一个新的创举。然而,诱导iPS细胞一直存在很多技术上的瓶颈问题,这些瓶颈问题包括:体细胞重排的不一致性,重排效率不高(<0.1%),重排时间长(2-3周),DNA去甲基化的问题。
DNA甲基化是最早发现的修饰途径之一,大量研究表明,DNA甲基化能引起染色质结构、DNA构象、DNA稳定性及DNA与蛋白质相互作用方式的改变,从而控制基因表达。在甲基转移酶的催化下,DNA的CG两个核苷酸的胞嘧啶被选择性地添加甲基,形成5-甲基胞嘧啶,这常见于基因的5'-CG-3'序列。大多数脊椎动物 基因组 DNA都有少量的甲基化胞嘧啶,主要集中在基因5'端的非编码区,并成簇存在。甲基化位点可随DNA的复制而遗传,因为DNA复制后,甲基化酶可将新合成的未甲基化的位点进行甲基化。DNA的甲基化可引起基因的失活。
要让体细胞重新恢复到未分化的状态需要解决的一个问题就是DNA甲基化的问题,所以说DNA去甲基化问题成为诱导iPS的一个重要难题。
为了研究iPS诱导过程中的相关机制,Helen M. Blau院士领衔的研究小组构建了一个异核体细胞(融合了小鼠胚胎干细胞和人类成纤维细胞),这种异核体诱导的速度比正常的体细胞诱导速度快很多,仅需1天时间,诱导效率高达70%。
用RNAi进行扫描发现,异核体诱导启动依赖一种蛋白,这种蛋白是AID(胞嘧啶核苷脱氨酶,也称为AICDA)。AID不仅促进细胞重排过程中的脱甲基作用,更是可以诱导OCT4和NANOG基因的表达(2种iPS诱导过程中的转录因子)。AID蛋白对成纤维细胞上的OCT4与NANOG发挥作用,对胚胎干细胞不发挥作用。
这些实验数据表明,诱导哺乳动物iPS需要AID蛋白参与启动细胞的DNA脱甲基化,并启动细胞核重新编程过程
原始出处及摘要:
Nature advance online publication 21 December 2009 | doi:10.1038/nature08752
Reprogramming towards pluripotency requires AID-dependent DNA demethylationnear-final version
Nidhi Bhutani1,2, Jennifer J. Brady1,2, Mara Damian1, Alessandra Sacco1, Stéphane Y. Corbel1 & Helen M. Blau1
1 Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA
2 These authors contributed equally to this work.
3 Correspondence to: Helen M. Blau1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.B.
Reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells makes possible derivation of patient-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, iPS cell generation is asynchronous and slow (2–3?weeks), the frequency is low (<0.1%), and DNA demethylation constitutes a bottleneck. To determine regulatory mechanisms involved in reprogramming, we generated interspecies heterokaryons (fused mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and human fibroblasts) that induce reprogramming synchronously, frequently and fast. Here we show that reprogramming towards pluripotency in single heterokaryons is initiated without cell division or DNA replication, rapidly (1?day) and efficiently (70%). Short interfering RNA ( siRNA )-mediated knockdown showed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, also known as AICDA) is required for promoter demethylation and induction of OCT4 (also known as POU5F1) and NANOG gene expression. AID protein bound silent methylated OCT4 and NANOG promoters in fibroblasts, but not active demethylated promoters in ES cells. These data provide new evidence that mammalian AID is required for active DNA demethylation and initiation of nuclear reprogramming towards pluripotency in human somatic cells.